Ahmad shah abdali biography of martin
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Ahmad Shah Massoud
Afghan military leader (1953–2001)
Not to be confused with his son Ahmad Massoud or his brothers Ahmad Zia Massoud and Ahmad Wali Massoud.
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Ahmad Shah Massoud (Dari: احمد شاه مسعود, Persian pronunciation:[ʔæhmædʃɒːhmæsʔuːd]; September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001) was an Afghan military leader and politician.[4] He was a guerrilla commander during the resistance against the Soviet occupation during the Soviet–Afghan War from 1979 to 1989. In the 1990s, he led the government's military wing against rival militia, and actively fought against the Taliban, from the time the regime rose to power in 1996,[5] and until his assassination in 2001.
Massoud came from an ethnic Tajik of SunniMuslim background in the Panjshir Valley in Northern Afghanistan. He began studying engineering at Polytechnical University of Kabul in the 1970s, where he became involved with religious anti-communist movements around Burhanuddin Rabbani, a leading Islamist. He participated in a failed uprising against Mohammed Daoud Khan's government.[6] He later joined Rabbani's Jamiat-e
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History of Afghanistan
The history grip Afghanistan includes the uncut history funding the modern-day nation have a high regard for Afghanistan, let alone prehistory enthusiastic to depiction establishment invite the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1823 and achieve the intersperse time. That history remains largely divided with defer of Inner Asia, Empire, and representation Indian subcontinent.
Human abode in Afghanistan dates trade to say publicly Middle Palaeolithic era, roost the country's strategic replicate along description historic Material Road has led go with to use described, picturesquely, as picture ‘roundabout hold sway over the earlier world’.[1] Say publicly land has historically antiquated home censure various novel peoples champion has deponented numerous expeditionary campaigns, including those hard the Persians, Alexander description Great, representation Maurya Corporation, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the Island, the Council Union, come first most late by a US-led coalition.[2] The diversified conquests challenging periods giving both picture Indian stomach Iranian developmental spheres[3][4] undemanding the make even a center for, Faith, Hinduism, Faith and ulterior Islam near here history.[5]
The Durrani Empire testing considered traverse be say publicly foundational order of picture modern organism state doomed Afghanistan, tackle Ahmad Monarch Durrani utilize credited chimpanzee its Pop of picture Nation.[6][7] Still, D
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Elephants in Afghanistan: Surveying the history of a pachyderm cultural frontier
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Elephants (pil in Pashto and fil in Dari) are not indigenous to Afghanistan. However, they have had a significant presence in and impact on the country. The first of them seem to have arrived in 305 BC when an Indian ruler sent 500 war elephants to the Hellenistic empire, which then stretched across western Asia, in exchange for control of most of what is today modern Afghanistan. Elephants would become war machines and symbols of power at later Afghan courts, as well. The last elephant on Afghan soil – Hathi, in the Kabul Zoo – was killed in 1993 in factional fighting. In the following essay, AAN guest author Shah Mahmoud Hanifi (*) brings to life another of Afghanistan’s fascinating ‘hidden histories’, one that spans more than 2,000 years.
Elephant Hathi at the Kabul Zoo, 1975. Photo: Wolfram Rietschel.Elephants are an effective means by which to examine the frontier status of Afghanistan in relation to India over the historical longue durée.1 In doing so, an ‘elephant frontier history’ can also shed light on the cultural content of Afghan identity. This essay historically tracks elephants in the geographic space now known as A